Overview

In this session we look into running applications using the binary compatibility layer as well as understanding the inner workings of the system call shim layer.

One of the obstacles when trying to use Unikraft is the porting effort of new applications. This process can be made painless through the use of Unikraft’s binary compatibility layer. Binary compatibility is the possibility to take pre-built Linux ELF binaries and run them on top of Unikraft. This is done without any porting effort while maintaining the benefits of Unikraft: reduced memory footprint, high degree of configurability of library components.

For this, Unikraft must provide a similar ABI (Application Binary Interface) with the Linux kernel. This means that Unikraft has to provide a similar system call interface that Linux kernel provides, a POSIX compatible interface. For this, the system call shim layer (also called syscall shim) was created. The system call shim layer provides Linux-style mappings of system call numbers to actual system call handler functions.

01. System Calls

A system call is the programmatic way in which a process requests a privileged service from the kernel of the operating system.

A system call is not a function, but specific assembly instructions that do the following:

• setup information to identify the system call and its parameters
• trigger a kernel mode switch
• retrieve the result of a system call

In Linux, system calls are identified by a system call ID (a number) and the parameters for system calls are machine word sized (32 or 64 bit). There can be a maximum of 6 system call parameters. Both the system call number and the parameters are stored in certain registers.

For example, on 32bit x86 architecture, the system call identifier is stored in the EAX register, while parameters in registers EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI, EBP.

Usually an application does not make a system call directly, but call functions in the system libraries (e.g. libc) that implement the actual system call.

Let’s take an example that you can see in the below image:

1. Application program makes a system call by invoking a wrapper function in the C library.
2. Each system call has a unique call number which is used by kernel to identify which system call is invoked. The wrapper function again copies the system call number into specific CPU registers.
3. The wrapper function takes care of copying the arguments to the correct registers.
4. Now the wrapper function executes trap instruction (int 0x80 or syscall or sysenter). This instruction causes the processor to switch from user mode to kernel mode.
5. We reach a trap handler, that will call the correct kernel function based on the id we passed.
6. The system call service routine is called.

Now, let’s take a quick look at unikernels. As stated above, in Linux, we use system calls to talk to the operating system, but there is a slight problem. The system calling process adds some overhead to our application, because we have to do all the extra operations to switch from user space to kernel space. In unikernels, because we don’t have a delimitation between kernel space and user space we do not need system calls so everything can be done as simple function calls. This is both good and bad. It is good because we do not get the overhead that Linux does when doing a system call. At the same time it is bad because we need to find a way to support applications that are compiled on Linux, so application that do system calls, even though we don’t need them.

02. The Process of Loading and Running an Application with Binary Compatibility

For Unikraft to achieve binary compatibility there are two main objectives that need to be met:

1. The ability to pass the ELF binary to Unikraft at boot time.
2. The ability to load the passed ELF binary into memory and jump to its entry point.

For the first point we decided to use the initial ramdisk in order to pass the binary to the unikernel. With qemu-guest, in order to pass an initial ramdisk to a virtual machine you have to use the -initrd option. As an example, if we have a helloworld binary, we can pass it to the unikernel with the following command:

sudo qemu-guest -kernel build/unikernel_image -initrd helloworld_binary

After the unikernel reads the binary the next step is to load it into memory. The dominant format for executables is the Executable and Linkable File format (ELF), so, in order to run executables we need an ELF loader. The job of the ELF Loader is to load the executable into the main memory. It does so by reading the program headers located in the ELF formatted executable and acting accordingly. For example, you can see the program headers of a program by running readelf -l binary:

$ readelf -l helloworld_binary

Elf file type is DYN (Shared object file)
Entry point 0x8940
There are 8 program headers, starting at offset 64

Program Headers:
  Type           Offset             VirtAddr           PhysAddr
                 FileSiz            MemSiz              Flags  Align
  LOAD           0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
                 0x00000000000c013e 0x00000000000c013e  R E    0x200000
  LOAD           0x00000000000c0e40 0x00000000002c0e40 0x00000000002c0e40
                 0x00000000000053b8 0x0000000000006aa0  RW     0x200000
  DYNAMIC        0x00000000000c3c18 0x00000000002c3c18 0x00000000002c3c18
                 0x00000000000001b0 0x00000000000001b0  RW     0x8
  NOTE           0x0000000000000200 0x0000000000000200 0x0000000000000200
                 0x0000000000000044 0x0000000000000044  R      0x4
  TLS            0x00000000000c0e40 0x00000000002c0e40 0x00000000002c0e40
                 0x0000000000000020 0x0000000000000060  R      0x8
  GNU_EH_FRAME   0x00000000000b3d00 0x00000000000b3d00 0x00000000000b3d00
                 0x0000000000001afc 0x0000000000001afc  R      0x4
  GNU_STACK      0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
                 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000  RW     0x10
  GNU_RELRO      0x00000000000c0e40 0x00000000002c0e40 0x00000000002c0e40
                 0x00000000000031c0 0x00000000000031c0  R      0x1

 Section to Segment mapping:
  Segment Sections...
   00     .note.ABI-tag .note.gnu.build-id .gnu.hash .dynsym .dynstr .rela.dyn .rela.plt .init .plt .plt.got .text __libc_freeres_fn __libc_thread_freeres_fn .fini .rodata .stapsdt.base .eh_frame_hdr .eh_frame .gcc_except_table
   01     .tdata .init_array .fini_array .data.rel.ro .dynamic .got .data __libc_subfreeres __libc_IO_vtables __libc_atexit __libc_thread_subfreeres .bss __libc_freeres_ptrs
   02     .dynamic
   03     .note.ABI-tag .note.gnu.build-id
   04     .tdata .tbss
   05     .eh_frame_hdr
   06
   07     .tdata .init_array .fini_array .data.rel.ro .dynamic .got

As an overview of the whole process, when we want to run an application on Unikraft using binary compatibility, the first step is to pass the executable file to the unikernel as an initial ram disk. Once the unikernel gets the executable, it reads the executable segments and loads them accordingly. After the program is loaded, the last step is to jump to its entry point and start executing.

The unikernel image is the app-elfloader application. This application parses the ELF file and then loads it accordingly.

The app-elfloader currently only supports executables that are static-pie: all the libraries are part of the executables and the code is position-independent (PIE: Position Independent Executable). A position independent executable is a binary that can run correctly independent of the address at which it was loaded. So, for building executables, we currently need to use -static-pie compiler / linker option, available in GCC since version 8.

03. Unikraft Syscall Shim

As stated previously, the system call shim layer in Unikraft is what we use in order to achieve the same system call behaviour as the Linux kernel.

Let’s take a code snippet that does a system call from a binary:

mov	edx,4		; message length
mov	ecx,msg		; message to write
mov	ebx,1		; file descriptor (stdout)
mov	eax,4		; system call number (sys_write)
syscall		    ; call kernel

In this case, when the syscall instruction gets executed, we have to reach the write function inside our unikernel. In our case, when the syscall instruction gets called there are a few steps taken until we reach the system call inside Unikraft:

1. After the syscall instruction gets executed we reach the ukplat_syscall_handler. This function has an intermediate role, printing some debug messages and passing the correct parameters further down. The next function that gets called is the uk_syscall6_r function.

   void ukplat_syscall_handler(struct __regs *r)
   {
   	UK_ASSERT(r);
   
   	uk_pr_debug("Binary system call request \"%s\" (%lu) at ip:%p (arg0=0x%lx, arg1=0x%lx, ...)\n",
   		    uk_syscall_name(r->rsyscall), r->rsyscall,
   		    (void *) r->rip, r->rarg0, r->rarg1);
   	r->rret0 = uk_syscall6_r(r->rsyscall,
   				 r->rarg0, r->rarg1, r->rarg2,
   				 r->rarg3, r->rarg4, r->rarg5);
   }
   

2. The uk_syscall6_r is the function that redirects the flow of the program to the actual system call function inside the kernel.

   switch (nr) {
   	case SYS_brk:
   		return uk_syscall_r_brk(arg1);
   	case SYS_arch_prctl:
   		return uk_syscall_r_arch_prctl(arg1, arg2, arg3);
   	case SYS_exit:
   		return uk_syscall_r_exit(arg1);
       ...
   

All the above functions are generated, so the only thing that we have to do when we want to register a system call to the system call shim layer is to use the correct macros.

There are four definition macros that we can use in order to add a system call to the system call shim layer:

• UK_SYSCALL_DEFINE - to implement the libc style system calls. That returns -1 and sets the errno accordingly.
• UK_SYSCALL_R_DEFINE - to implement the raw variant which returns a negative error value in case of errors. errno is not used at all.

The above two macros will generate the following functions:

/* libc-style system call that returns -1 and sets errno on errors */
long uk_syscall_e_<syscall_name>(long <arg1_name>, long <arg2_name>, ...);

/* Raw system call that returns negative error codes on errors */
long uk_syscall_r_<syscall_name>(long <arg1_name>, long <arg2_name>, ...);

/* libc-style wrapper (the same as uk_syscall_e_<syscall_name> but with actual types) */
<return_type> <syscall_name>(<arg1_type> <arg1_name>,
                              <arg2_type> <arg2_name>, ...);

For the case that the libc-style wrapper does not match the signature and return type of the underlying system call, a so called low-level variant of these two macros are available: UK_LLSYSCALL_DEFINE, UK_LLSYSCALL_R_DEFINE. These macros only generate the uk_syscall_e_<syscall_name> and uk_syscall_r_<syscall_name> symbols. You can then provide the custom libc-style wrapper on top.

Apart from using the macro to define the function, we also have to register the system call by adding it to UK_PROVIDED_SYSCALLS-y withing the corresponding Makefile.uk file. Let’s see how this is done with an example for the write system call. We have the following definition of the write system call:

ssize_t write(int fd, const void * buf, size_t count)
{
    ssize_t ret;

    ret = vfs_do_write(fd, buf, count);
    if (ret < 0) {
        errno = EFAULT;
        return -1;
    }
    return ret;
}

The next step is to define the function using the correct macro:

#include <uk/syscall.h>

UK_SYSCALL_DEFINE(ssize_t, write, int, fd, const void *, buf, size_t, count)
{
    ssize_t ret;

    ret = vfs_do_write(fd, buf, count);
    if (ret < 0) {
        errno = EFAULT;
        return -1;
    }
    return ret;
}

And the raw variant:

#include <uk/syscall.h>

UK_SYSCALL_R_DEFINE(ssize_t, write, int, fd, const void *, buf, size_t, count)
{
    ssize_t ret;

    ret = vfs_do_write(fd, buf, count);
    if (ret < 0) {
        return -EFAULT;
    }
    return ret;
}

The last step is to add the system call to UK_PROVIDED_SYSCALLS-y in the Makefile.uk file. The format is:

UK_PROVIDED_SYSCALLS-$(CONFIG_<YOURLIB>) += <syscall_name>-<number_of_arguments>

So, in our case, we need to add:

UK_PROVIDED_SYSCALLS-$(CONFIG_LIBWRITESYS) += write-3

Summary

Work Items

Support Files

Session support files are available in the repository. If you already cloned the repository, update it and enter the session directory:

$ cd path/to/repository/clone

$ git pull --rebase

$ cd content/en/community/hackathons/sessions/bincompat/

$ ls
demo  index.md  work

If you haven’t cloned the repository yet, clone it and enter the session directory:

$ git clone https://github.com/unikraft/docs.git

$ cd content/en/community/hackathons/sessions/bincompat/

$ ls
demo  index.md  work

00. Setup

For the practical work we will need the following prerequisites:

• gcc version >= 8 - installation guide here

• the elfloader application - this is the implementation of our loader which is build like a normal Unikraft application. You can clone the ELF Loader repository, on the lyon-hackathon branch. This cloned repo should go into the apps folder in your Unikraft directory structure.

• lwip, zydis, libelf libs - we have to clone all the repos coresponding to the previously mentioned libraries into the libs folder.

  • forked lwip, on the lyon-hackathon branch
  • zydis
  • libelf

• unikraft - the forked Unikraft repository must also be cloned and checked out on the bin-compat branch.

• test scripts - the run-app-elfloader repository with the scripts to run the resulting Unikraft image with binary applications

  • see the README file for detailed information

• test applications - the static-pie-apps repository stores pre-compiled static-pie ELF files

In the end you would have the following setup:

.
|-- apps/
|   |-- app-elfloader/     [lyon-hackathon]
|   |-- run-app-elfloader/
|   `-- static-pie-apps/
|-- libs/
|   |-- libelf/
|   |-- lwip/              [lyon-hackathon]
|   `-- zydis/
`-- unikraft/              [bincompat]

01. Run Binary Applications

We want to test the run-app-elfloader/ setup together with applications in static-pie-apps/ repository.

Run as many executables as possible from the static-pie-apps/ repository.

See the instructions in the README and run redis-server and sqlite3 static PIE executables.

02. Debug Run

03. Build app-elfloader from Existing Config

Build the app-elfloader from an existing configuration.

Copy the .config file from work/03/config to the app-elfloader folder. Now you can build it:

$ make

In the build/ folder you should have the app-elfloader_kvm-x86_64 binary.

To run it, go to the run-app-elfloader folder and run the run_elfloader script by passing it the -k option with the correct path to the built binary.

04. Doing it From Scratch

Inside the app-elfloder folder, remove previous build and configuration files:

$ make distclean

Now configure it from scratch by running:

$ make menuconfig

Select the proper ukdebug configuration.

Select 9PFS as the default filesystem and mount it at boot time.

Now you can build it:

$ make

Test it using the run_elfloader script in the the run-app-elfloader repository.

05. Build with Debugging

06. Create your Own Application

Create your own application as a static PIE ELF file. Use a programming language that provides static PIE ELF files.

Run it with the app-elfloader.

Further Reading